Over a 5-year (60 months) follow-up period, this indicates that eight CT scans will be required if a threshold of 10 mm is desired or six if a threshold of 20 mm is desired. For an 80-day doubling time over a 5-year (60 months) follow-up period, three CT scans will be required if a threshold of 10 mm is desired or

two if a threshold of 20 mm is desired and for a 100-day doubling time. Assuming complete histological clearance of the primary lung cancer and that recurrence occurs from a microscopic focus, a time period of 1700 Selleckchem BI-6727 days (56 months) is required to reach 10 mm in diameter.

The exact timing of interval CT scanning to detect recurrence and new primary tumour depends on philosophy; however, three monthly CT scanning is probably inappropriate, and scanning every 7 months is probably the shortest interval that is clinically useful, particularly for small-cell lung cancer in the first year after treatment. We recommend, based on mathematical modelling, a scanning interval post-potentially curative resection surgery selleck chemicals for primary lung cancer of 18 months, which is different from the current guidelines on surveillance, for non-small-cell lung cancer.”
“Aims To identify, in subjects with overactive bladder (OAB), differences in brain activity between those who maintained and

those who lost bladder control during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain with simultaneous urodynamics. Methods Secondary analysis of a cohort of older women (aged >60) with proven urgency urinary incontinence, who, in the scanner, either developed detrusor overactivity and incontinence (the DO group) or did not (the no DO group). A priori hypothesis: during urgency provoked by bladder filling, without DO, activity in regions related to continence control is diminished in the DO group; specifically (1a) less activation in supplementary motor area (SMA) and (1b) less deactivation

in prefrontal cortex (PFC) AZD5153 and parahippocampal complex (PH). We also explored phenotypic (clinical and urodynamic) differences between the groups. Results During urgency preceding DO, the DO group showed stronger activation in SMA and adjacent regions (hypothesis 1a rejected), and less deactivation in PH but no significant difference in PFC (hypothesis 1b partially accepted). These subjects were older, with more changes in brain’s white matter, decreased tolerance of bladder filling and greater burden of incontinence. Conclusions (1) In older women with OAB, brain activity in the SMA is greater among those with more easily elicitable DO, suggesting a compensatory response to failure of control elsewhere. (2) OAB is heterogeneous; one possible phenotype shows severe functional impairment attributable partly to age-related white matter changes. (3) Functional brain imaging coupled with urodynamics may provide CNS markers of impaired continence control in subjects with OAB. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:652658, 2012.