01), and dominated by CD68+ macrophages and CD8+ lymphocytes, at all stages of disease. An increase NU7441 nmr in portal macrophages in NAFLD patients with steatosis alone (P < 0.01) was the earliest change detected, even before elevated expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL1B and TNF, in patients with early NASH (P < 0.05). Portal and periductal accumulation of all other cell types examined occurred in progressed NASH (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: Knowledge of the complex cellular composition of the portal inflammatory infiltrate and HPC/DR niche in NAFLD will shape future functional studies to elucidate the contribution of portal inflammation to HPC differentiation and

NAFLD pathogenesis. (Hepatology 2014;59:1393-1405) “
“Ulcerative colitis is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disease sharing many features with Crohn’s disease but differing in being confined to the colonic mucosa, without proximal involvement or penetration to the deeper layers of the bowel, in uncomplicated cases. Ulcerative colitis has changed

face over time; once considered rare, it is now a major gastroenterologic problem in the developed world with changing demographics. The first controlled clinical therapeutic trial of corticosteroids in ulcerative colitis half century ago highlighted gastroenterology as an early exponent of evidence-based medicine. More recently, the prognosis of patients with severe disease has improved with attention to detail, critical care and the advent of immunomodulatory agents.

However, despite remarkable advances, ulcerative colitis remains a significant burden on healthcare resources and a cause mafosfamide of much individual suffering. lambrolizumab “
“There are no data specifically correlating early intravenous volume infusion (IVI) with the length of hospitalization for postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP). We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted within 24 h after ERCP to our institute with PEP. IVI during the first 24 h after ERCP was assessed. Primary outcome was severity of PEP, defined by length of hospitalization according to consensus guidelines: mild ≤ 3, moderate 4–10, and severe > 10 days. Of 72 eligible patients, 41 (56.9%) had mild and 31 (43.1%) moderate/severe PEP. Both groups had comparable demographics, indications, and procedural factors except patients with moderate/severe PEP were older (median age 49 vs 36 years, P = 0.05) and more likely to be discharged and readmitted within the first 24 h (41.9% vs 14.6%, P < 0.01). Patients with mild PEP received significantly greater IVI during the first 24 h (2834 mL [2046, 3570] vs 2044 mL [1227, 2875], P < 0.02) and 50% more fluid post-ERCP (2270 mL [1435, 2961] vs 1515 [950–2350], P < 0.02) compared with those with at least moderate PEP. In patients with PEP, greater IVI during the first 24 h after ERCP is associated with reduced length of hospitalization.