A link between low-grade inflammation and the presence of LVDD has been suggested by this study. Cytokine gene polymorphism plays important role in the risk of many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Yilmaz et al. [124] have evaluated the role of cytokine gene polymorphism in carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) progression in non-diabetic haemodialysis (HD) patients. TNF-α and IL-10 polymorphisms were determined in the study. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases have no difference between TNF-alpha rs1800629 high-/low-producer genotype Rapamycin groups. CIMT and LVMI progressions were detected

at higher levels in patients with high-producer genotypes (AA + AG) than in patients with the low-producer genotype (GG). The

rs1800629 polymorphism was strongly associated with C-reactive protein (CRP). Analysis also showed that the combination of high production of TNF-α and learn more low production of IL-10 was associated with higher average IMT, LVMI progression and elevated average CRP levels compared with a combination of low production of TNF-α and high production of IL-10. Association of TNF-α gene with spontaneous deep intracerebral haemorrhage was investigated by Chen et al. [125] in the Taiwan population. Deep parenchymal structure including the basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem and cerebellum is the most frequently affected site of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (SICH). Rost et al. [126] comprehensively reviewed the candidate genes of SICH reported during 1996–2007. Reported candidate genes that CYTH4 show association with SICH were involved in the

pathways of the vessel wall integrity (ACE, APOE, neprilysin, endoglin, TGF-β1), endothelial dysfunction (ACE), inflammation markers (IL-6, TNF) and haemostasis (APOE, CD-14, Factor VII and XIII, VKORC1). Spontaneous deep intracerebral hemorrhage (SDICH) risks were positively associated with TNF (rs1799964 C and rs1800629 A) in men but inversely associated with (rs1800630 A) in females [126]. There were significant interaction effects between gender and SNPs (rs1799964, rs1800630 and rs1800629) on SDICH risks. Kim et al. [127] carried out case–control studies including patients with ischaemic stroke, patients with silent brain infarctions SBIs and controls. Significant differences in the frequency of the TNF-α rs1800629 polymorphism were found between the patients with ischaemic stroke and the control group. The frequency of the TNF-α (rs1800629 GA + AA) genotype was higher in the group having highest homocysteine (tHcy) levels than in the group having lowest tHcy levels. The tHcy levels were significantly and inversely correlated with folate levels in the TNF-α (rs1800629 GG) and TNF-α (rs361525 GG) genotypes in the ischaemic stroke, SBI and control groups.