, 2011; Rizzoli and Betz, 2004) and mammalian calyx of Held terminals (de Lange et al., 2003) have previously demonstrated that releasable vesicles are not preferentially arranged but mixed randomly in the total vesicle pool. In the case of the frog neuromuscular junction, this is particularly significant because the ultrastructurally labeled vesicles, corresponding to the readily releasable pool, are likely to undergo preferential reuse (Richards et al., 2000, 2003; Rizzoli and Betz, 2004). This implies that their privileged

status must be conferred Y27632 by factors other than their specific spatial relationship to the active zone. A plausible hypothesis is that these vesicles might retain only loose coupling with the vesicle cluster and could have preferential access to the release site by way of cytoskeletal tracks that link them to the active zone (Rizzoli and Betz, 2004). Our findings indicate that the total recycling pool in hippocampal synapses is also preferentially reused, but in the case of these size-limited terminals, vesicle positioning appears to be an important parameter in conferring privileged release. Interestingly, recent work has shown conclusively that different functional vesicle classes have different molecular signatures (Hua et al.,

2011), providing a possible mechanistic basis for the selective regulation and distribution of the functional vesicle pool subsets that we have demonstrated here. Experiments were performed in accordance with the UK-Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 and complied with local institutional regulations. Caspase inhibitor review Acute transverse slices of hippocampus (300 μm) were prepared from 3- Methisazone to 4-week-old rats and maintained in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) containing 125 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 25 mM glucose, 1.25 mM NaH2PO4, 26 mM NaHCO3, 1 mM MgCl2, 2 mM CaCl2, 20 mM μM CNQX, and 50 mM μM AP5 (pH 7.3 when bubbled with 95% O2 and 5% CO2) (see also Ratnayaka et al., 2011; Staras et al., 2010; Zakharenko et al., 2001). Live labeling of functional presynaptic terminals used FM1-43FX, the fixable

form of the styryl dye (Molecular Probes). We pressure applied 20 μM FM1-43FX in aCSF to the CA1 region for 3 min prior to stimulation. Schaffer collaterals were stimulated using a bipolar tungsten electrode (Figure 1A). FM1-43 solution was puffed throughout the stimulation period and for 2 min after the end of stimulation to ensure full completion of endocytosis (Granseth and Lagnado, 2008). Subsequently, slices were perfused continuously in fresh aCSF for 15–20 min at 25°C to wash residual FM dye from extracellular membranes. The imaging of FM dye-labeled presynaptic terminals was performed using an Olympus BX51WI microscope equipped with an FV-300 confocal system (Olympus UK), a 488 nm Argon laser, and 520/10 emission.