[44] Furthermore, the weak binding affinity of the pMHCI–CD8 interaction safeguards the role of TCR-mediated pMHCI engagement as the primary determinant of CD8+ T-cell activation in response to antigen.[37, 44, 45, 66] Indeed, increasing the affinity of the pMHCI–CD8 interaction into the range typically observed for TCR–pMHCI interactions can lead to CD8+ T-cell activation that does not require cognate antigen.[49] From a therapeutic perspective, it is notable that CD8+ T cells with low-affinity TCR–pMHCI selleck interactions are more dependent on the CD8 co-receptor for antigen-specific activation compared with CD8+ T cells with high-affinity TCR–pMHCI interactions. Consequently, therapeutic blockade

of CD8 may be desirable for systems in which the TCR–pMHC interaction is weak, as typified by autoreactive CD8+ T cells.[23, 77] Finally, modulation of the pMHCI–CD8 interaction can affect CD8+

T-cell cross-reactivity.[75] CD8 therefore appears to play a role in ‘tuning’ the sensitivity selleck inhibitor and specificity of CD8+ T-cell activation to ensure both effective and appropriately constrained behaviour during the continuous process of antigen surveillance. “
“Signal-transducing adaptor protein-2 (STAP-2) was cloned as a c-fms/M-CSF receptor interacting protein. STAP-2 is an adaptor protein carrying pleckstrin homology and Src homology 2 like domains, as well as a YXXQ motif. STAP-2 has been indicated to have an ability to bind and Rebamipide modulate a variety of signaling and transcriptional molecules. Especially, our previous in vitro studies showed that STAP-2 is crucial for immune and/or inflammatory responses. Here, we have investigated the role of STAP-2 in intestinal inflammation in vivo. The disruption of STAP-2 attenuates dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis via inhibition of macrophage recruitment. To study whether hematopoietic or epithelial cell derived STAP-2 is required for this phenomenon,

we generated BM chimeric mice. STAP-2-deficient macrophages impair the ability of CXCL12-induced migration. Intriguingly, STAP-2 also regulates production of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines such as CXCL1 and TNF-α from intestinal epithelial cells. Therefore, STAP-2 has a potential to regulate plural molecular events during pathological inflammatory responses. Furthermore, our findings not only indicate that STAP-2 is important in regulating intestinal inflammation, but also provide new insights toward the development of novel therapeutic approaches. “
“CD4+ T cells play a critical role in determining the disease outcome in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis, and selective usage of T-cell receptor (TCR) is implied in promoting Leishmania major infection. However, little information is available on TCR usage in Leishmania-specific, IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells. In this study, we investigated the TCR diversity and activation of CD4+ T cells in a nonhealing model associated with L. amazonensis (La) infection and a self-healing model associated with L.