As the growth time and temperature were further increased to 5 min (T = 52°C), the nucleated ZnO buy PF-3084014 structures become bigger and thicker and the entire surface was covered Selleck Vorinostat with ZnO, as shown in Figure 4d. However, there are also ZnO structures with small clusters formed at this stage. As shown in Figure 4e, the branching of ZnO rods on the large-sized ZnO clusters to form flower-shaped structures starts to take place when the growth time exceed 10 min (T = 68°C). On the other hand, the observation of vertically aligned/non-aligned individual rods may be generated from the ZnO structures with small cluster sizes. It can be seen in Figure 4f that the length of vertically aligned/non-aligned

rods and flower-shaped structures increases with the growth time and temperature, but their diameters are showing no significant change. It can be concluded that the formation of flower-shaped structures has already taken place at the initial growth stage, i.e., before the ST point (below 80°C).

Figure 4g shows the grown ZnO structures after 1 h of actual growth (at a constant temperature of 80°C). It clearly shows the increase in the lengths selleck chemical of rods, but the diameters are almost unchanged. The structures also show a well-defined hexagonal shape due to the effective decomposition of HMTA at 80°C to promote the formation of hexagonal ZnO structures. Figure 4h,i,j,k,l,m,n shows the schematics to illustrate the growth shown in Figure 4a,b,c,d,e,f,g, respectively. Buspirone HCl Since the reaction of electrolyte is considerably premature at temperatures below 80°C, the elemental composition of the seed structure is not good. This is proved by the EDX analysis for the samples grown after 15 min where the ratio of Zn and O is in the range of 0.5 to 0.6. Figure 4 FESEM images of bare ML graphene and ZnO structures grown on it at different growth

times. (a) Bare ML graphene. (b, c, d, e, f) ZnO structures grown on ML graphene after 10 s, 1 min, 5 min, 10 min, and 15 min of the initial growth, respectively. (g) ZnO structures grown on ML graphene after 1 h of the actual growth. (h, i, j, k, l, m, n) Schematics to illustrate the growth. The results seem to prove that the nucleations are promoted at the stacking edges of ML graphene to form ZnO clusters and that the sizes of formed clusters increase with the increase of applied current density, resulting in the increase in sizes and diameters of rods and flower-shaped structures. To further prove this mechanism, we also perform a similar study using SL graphene. Figure 5a shows a bare SL graphene used in this work. It can be clearly seen that almost the entire surface shows the same bright color which corresponds to a single layer of graphene. However, there are some randomly distributed small dark spots which correspond to ML graphene. It is noted here that the substrate used consists of more than 95% coverage of SL graphene [44].