Delluc A, Gouedard C, De Saint Martin L, Garcia C, Roguedas AM, Bressollette L, Misery L, Mottier D, Le Gal G: Incidence, risk factors and skin manifestations of post-thrombotic syndrome: a four-year follow-up of patients included in the EDITH study. Rev Med Interne 2010, 31:729–734.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions CC wrote the manuscript, BK and PK collected the data at the race, CAR and TR assisted in data analysis, data interpretation and manuscript GSK2399872A preparation. All authors have read and

approved the final version.”
“Background Betaine is a nutrient found in a variety of animals, plants, and microorganisms [1]. It is a component of many foods, with whole grains (e.g., wheat, rye), spinach, shellfish and beets [2] being rich sources. As an organic osmolyte, betaine or trimethyl glycine, protects cells under stress, such as dehydration; it is also a source of methyl groups, via the methionine cycle, in many key biochemical pathways [1]. Betaine, Pexidartinib therefore, plays an important role in several aspects of human health and nutrition and studies show that diets high in betaine decrease disease risk [1, 3–5]. In addition to improving health, betaine may also improve sport performance. Since betaine is an osmolyte that protects cells under

stress [6, 7], initial studies on the potential ergogenicity focused on the acute effects of betaine ingestion Selleckchem FK228 on performance in the

heat [8, 9]. In Idoxuridine one study, subjects ran in a heated environment (31.1°C) for 75 minutes at 65% of VO2max followed by a performance run at 84% of VO2max to volitional exhaustion [8]. Time to exhaustion was 16 to 21% (32 to 38 sec) greater when beverages with betaine or betaine and carbohydrate were consumed, respectively, but the changes were statistically insignificant (p ≥ 0.12). In the other study, subjects completed a 15 min cycling time trial after riding for 2 hr at 60-75% VO2max in the heat [9]; immediately after the time trial, isometric leg strength was also examined. Acute consumption of either a carbohydrate or a betaine and carbohydrate beverage before the test improved time trial performance by 10 and 14%, respectively, relative to a water control trial; there was no difference between the carbohydrate and carbohydrate and betaine trials. Isometric leg strength, however, was significantly greater after the betaine trials compared to the non-betaine trials. This latter result catalyzed a series of inquires on the chronic effects of betaine ingestion (2 weeks) on various indices of strength and power [10, 11]. The assumption being that since betaine is a methyl donor [1], it could theoretically boost creatine stores in the musculature, and therefore, improve strength and power [10]. Chronic betaine ingestion (at least 2.5 g.