For completeness,

we include the behavioral results and results of fMRI activation to task versus SMC trials for the inMG-132 nmr consistent SZ compared with the other two groups, although we recognize that the performance confounds in such fMRI data make their interpretation ambiguous. Demographic characteristics and cognitive and behavioral assessments (Nurnberger et al. 1994; Randolph et al. 1998) for the consistent SZ and HC are shown in Table ​Table1.1. Of the 14 consistent controls and 14 consistent patients used in the imaging analyses, the groups were well matched with regard to consistency Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and rate of discounting; differences in R’ and log10(k) did not approach significance. Figure ​Figure33 shows that both groups Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical reduced the percentage of IR choices to a similar degree as trial k values increased. Neither the main effect of Group

(F[1,26] = 0.018, P = 0.89) nor the Group x Trial k interaction (F[4104] = 0.54, P = 0.71) was significant; nor were there significant group differences at individual trial k’s. Figure 3 Mean (± standard error) for percentage of Now (%Now) choices as a function of the five trial k’s for the consistent HC and consistent patients with schizophrenia (Con SZ). The graph of mean RT across trial k’s for HC showed a distinct inverted-U shape (Fig. ​(Fig.4).4). ANOVA revealed a significant effect of Trial Category (F[4,52] = 7.65, P < 0.001), as well as a significant quadratic trend Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (F[1,13] = 13.85, P = 0.003). In subsequent contrasts of easy versus difficult trials (k1 vs. k2–k4 and k5 vs. k2–k4), RT for easy trials was significantly shorter than

for difficult trials (P values <0.025). By contrast, consistent SZ did not significantly modulate RT among trials (F[4,52] = 1.07, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical P = 0.38). ANOVA comparing groups revealed a significant effect of Group (F[1,26] = 4.32, P = 0.048) but no significant Group x Trial Category Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical interaction (F[4104] = 1.81, P = 0.13). RT was generally longer in SZ compared with HC. Figure ​Figure44 suggests that this effect across trial k's tended to be most pronounced for easy trials (k1 and k5). SZ also responded more slowly on SMC trials than HC aminophylline did (means = 1226 vs. 863 msec, respectively, t[26] = 5.39, P < 0.001). Figure 4 Mean (± standard error) of response times across the five trial categories during the scanning session for the consistent healthy controls (HC) and consistent patients (Con SZ). *P < 0.05 between groups. As seen in Table ​Table1,1, the consistent SZ and HC groups did not differ significantly on age, gender, or parental SES, which is important because some demographic characteristics such as age and income have been found to be related to greater DD (Green et al. 1996; Samanez-Larkin et al. 2011). The group difference in smoking was marginally significant (P = 0.06), with patients smoking more than controls. Smoking is related to a higher rate of DD (Bickel et al. 1999; Baker et al.