Further, the actual indentation depth and the force applied to it were calculated using the following formulae: h s  = x - y · a, F x  = y · a · k c, where h c is the actual indentation depth TH-302 in vitro (m), F x is the actual force applied to a cell (N), and k c is the learn more cantilever stiffness coefficient. Finally, at the indentation depth of 60 nm, the change of applied force was determined and the stiffness of a sample was estimated using the following formula: k s = F x /h s. The obtained results were processed using MATLAB 6.5 software, which was specially developed for this research. Confocal microscopy Structures of fibrillar actin (F-actin) were detected using standard

TRITC-phalloidin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) staining. Cells that had previously been washed off the medium were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde solution for 15 min. In order to permeabilize the cells, click here 0.1% Triton X-100 (Sigma) detergent

was added to the prefixed cells for 15 min. Then, the cells were rinsed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Further, TRITC-phalloidin was added to the cells at a concentration of 50 μg/mL and cultured at 37°C for 40 min. Then, the cells were rinsed thrice with PBS. In order to maintain the fluorescence, the samples were covered by the specific water-soluble Fluoroshield medium containing DAPI (Sigma) to achieve fluorescent staining of DNA. Changes in the structure of actin eltoprazine microfilaments were evaluated using the method of fluorescent microscopy and by using an LSM 780 (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) confocal microscope. A coherent laser to produce fluorescence of the DAPI- and TRITC-phalloidin-stained cells (at a wavelength of 355 nm) and an argon laser (at a wavelength of 488 nm) with a power output of 2% (0.5 mW; barrier filter, 355 nm for DAPI and 458/561

nm for TRITC) were used. Registration was performed within blue (401 to 556 nm) and red (566 to 692 nm) spectral regions, using a Plan-Apochromat 63×/1.40 Oil DIC M27 objective. All images were obtained under the same conditions of excitation and registration (laser energy output, detectors’ sensitivity, scanning time, etc.) for further densitometric analysis. The average intensity was evaluated within the red channel in each image after performing the background removal. As a result, the average intensity of the red channel was estimated inside each cell. Quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensities was carried out after performing the background removal in each image using the image processing Sigma Scan Pro 5.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) software.Assessment of actin fiber distribution within the thickness of a cell was performed using z-stacking (serial focal optical sections along the vertical axis) (Figure 1). Distribution of TRITC-phalloidin fluorescence intensity was measured within each section.