However, in 1999 human gliomas were analyzed

by Fassati et al. for the infiltration of neutrophils using immunohistochemistry by staining sections for CD15-positive and myeloperoxidase-positive cells [43]. The authors observed a marked and significant correlation between tumor grade and the extent of the neutrophil infiltration. In the low grade tumors only 40–50% had significant infiltration, while in glioblastoma multiforme over 85% of the tumors had significant infiltration. When the circulating neutrophil count was scored against tumor neutrophil infiltration, a significant and remarkable positive correlation was observed between circulating neutrophil count and extent of neutrophil infiltration into the tumor. The highest numbers of circulating neutrophils were seen in the glioblastoma multiforme patients. Moreover, high-grade Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library manufacturer glioblastoma multiforme were highly vascularized and contain

areas of necrosis. It is noteworthy that in these Romidepsin cell line tumors, neutrophils were detectable within capillaries in high numbers and were often observed in high numbers in areas of necrosis. More than 10 years later, Atai et al. confirmed that glioblastoma tissue was infiltrated with neutrophils and macrophages and demonstrated osteopontin is up-regulated and associated with neutrophil and macrophage infiltration [44]. Evaluating human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx or larynx, Trellakis et al. published in 2011 observations regarding the role of neutrophils [45]. The authors observed most of T4 tumors

displayed medium or strong infiltration of CD66+ neutrophils, whereas smaller and less-invasive tumors exhibited a lower degree of neutrophil infiltration. The serum concentrations of CXCL8, CCL4 and CCL5 and the peripheral blood percentages of neutrophils and leukocytes as well as the NLR were significantly higher in HNSCC patients than in healthy controls. In multivariate analyses of patients with advanced disease, high CD66b+ neutrophil tumor infiltration was independently associated with poor survival. In 2011, An et al. published retrospective results of 363 consecutively, newly diagnosed, non-disseminated, and biopsy-proven nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with standard curative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy [46]. For patients with locoregionally advanced Mephenoxalone disease, high NLR (>3.73) was not only an independent prognostic factor for poor disease-specific survival, distant metastasis-free survival, and loco-regional recurrence-free survival, but was also a predictor of response to chemoradiotherapy. Thus, compared with radiation alone, chemoradiotherapy significantly improved disease-specific survival and loco-regional recurrence-free survival for patients with non-elevated NLR, but not for those with elevated NLR. This emphasizes high pre-treatment NLR as a strong prognostic factor for poor outcome of nasopharyngeal patients. He et al.