On the other hand, Savaskan et al. (2008) reported the reverse finding, where oxytocin improved the

recognition of neutral and angry but not happy faces, and it is therefore clear that we do not have a firm understanding of the interaction between oxytocin, face memory and emotional expression. If it is the case that emotional expression interferes with the capacity of oxytocin to improve face recognition, our findings raise the possibility that expression BIBF 1120 chemical structure interferes to a greater extent for unimpaired perceivers than DPs. Alternatively, it may simply be the case that the impaired face processing system is more amenable to improvement than the normal face processing system. However, these comments are merely speculative, and again further work is required to investigate this issue. Finally, our findings have implications for the development of intervention strategies selleck in disorders that present with face recognition impairments. While several studies have examined the potential therapeutic role of oxytocin in relieving symptoms in autistic spectrum disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia and depression (for reviews see Ishak et al., 2011 and Macdonald and Macdonald, 2010), this study is the first to report its effectiveness

in DP. This is an important issue given that face processing impairments do not only present in DP, but also following brain injury, degenerative disease, and in socio-developmental disorders such as autism, William’s syndrome and Turner’s syndrome. Thus, future work might examine whether oxytocin can improve face processing impairments in all conditions regardless of aetiology, or whether it is only effective in certain disorders. Further, while the current study examined the influence of a single dose of oxytocin in bringing about a temporary improvement in face processing in DP, further work might also Acetophenone consider the therapeutic value of repetitive inhalation of oxytocin in this condition and the sustainability of any improvements.

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“In the last decade, the human superior temporal sulcus (STS) and surrounding areas have been widely studied (see Hein & Knight, 2008 for a review). The STS is a major sulcal landmark in the temporal lobe, lying between cortices on the surface of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and middle temporal gyrus (MTG). An extensive region, it can be divided into three distinct sections: the anterior, mid, and posterior STS (aSTS, mid-STS, pSTS). Furthermore, in most individuals, the pSTS divides into two spatially separable terminal ascending branches – the so-called anterior and posterior terminal ascending branches. Thus, the STS can also be anatomically separated into the branch, bifurcation (equivalent to pSTS) and trunk parts (equivalent to mid-STS, aSTS) (Ochiai et al., 2004).