Performance was assessed for both ‘physical’ line bisection using a newly developed Landmark variant task and for ‘mental’ line bisection using number pairs. The effects for number line bisection were lateralized – left but not right cerebellar rTMS increased rightward errors, whereas for physical line bisection rTMS to either hemisphere did not affect performance. Effects due to neck muscle contraction and changes in eye position were ruled out

with appropriate control stimulation sites, and eye-tracking. Rapamycin datasheet The results confirm the role of the cerebellum in spatial judgement, and, for the first time, demonstrate direct cerebellar involvement in the generation of the midline in ‘imaginal’ (number) space. The difference between number line and physical line bisection effects is discussed with Selleckchem Dinaciclib reference to pre-existing models of cerebellar hemispheric specialization and functional topography. “
“Axon collateral projections to various lobules of the cerebellar cortex are thought to contribute to the coordination of neuronal activities among different parts of the cerebellum. Even though lobules I/II and IX/X of the cerebellar vermis are located at the opposite poles in the anterior–posterior axis, they have been shown to receive dense vestibular mossy fiber projections. For climbing fibers, there is also a mirror-image-like organisation in their axonal collaterals between the anterior and

posterior cerebellar cortex. However, the detailed organisation of mossy and climbing fiber collateral afferents to lobules I/II and IX/X is still unclear. Here, we carried out a double-labeling study with two retrograde tracers (FluoroGold and MicroRuby) in lobules I/II and IX/X. We examined labeled cells in the vestibular nuclei and inferior olive. We found a low percentage of double-labeled neurons in Isotretinoin the vestibular nuclei (2.1 ± 0.9% of tracer-labeled neurons in this brain region), and a higher percentage of double-labeled neurons in the inferior

olive (6.5 ± 1.9%), especially in its four small nuclei (18.5 ± 8.0%; including the β nucleus, dorsal cap of Kooy, ventrolateral outgrowth, and dorsomedial cell column), which are relevant for vestibular function. These results provide strong anatomical evidence for coordinated information processing in lobules I/II and IX/X for vestibular control. “
“The current study aimed to investigate the effect of histamine-3 (H3) receptors, expressed in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) of the hypothalamus and in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), on histamine neurotransmission in the rat brain. The firing activity of histamine neurons in the TMN was measured using in vivo extracellular single-unit electrophysiology, under propofol anesthesia. Extracellular histamine levels were determined using the dual (PFC and TMN) probe microdialysis, in freely-moving animals. Histamine levels in dialysates were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescence detection.