Pierre Triozzi proposed and tested in cancers the anti-37 CTP of hCGβ vaccine originally developed Atezolizumab by Vernon Stevens70. The testing was performed with AVI Biopharma with Avicine as the name of the vaccine. Initially, only 37 carboxy terminal amino acids linked to DT vaccine was employed. Subsequently, a loop peptide from within hCGβ was included to enhance the

response. The trial was conducted in 77 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, which provided evidence of survival benefits comparable to chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and Pharmacia-Upjohn’s FDA-approved drug, Camptosar(R). The median survival was 42 weeks for patients responding to Avicine immunologically as compared to 17 weeks in patients that did not respond immunologically to Avicine. On Camptosar and 5-FU alone, the median survival was 39 and 28 weeks (http://www.cancerbacteria.com/trial.html). With the idea of overcoming the lack of immune response in many patients with Avicine, AVI Biopharma signed an agreement with Abgenix to develop a humanized antibody for passive treatment of patients with cancer. Another cancer in which Avicine has been tested is the ‘most difficult-to-treat’ cancer of pancreas expressing hCGβ. The trial was conducted in 55 patients. They were

treated with either Avicine (AVI Biopharma, WA, USA) Selleck Maraviroc or Gemzar (Eli Lilly, IN, USA) Fludarabine molecular weight or with a combination of the two. One-year survival data for the Avicine alone group is similar to that for Gemzar. However, patients had no significant vaccine-related

side effects, as compared to the often severe side effects of chemotherapy with Gemzar. One-year survival of 30% of the patients on both vaccine and Gemzar was better than with either of the treatment alone (http://www.cancerbacteria.com/trial.html). Peter Delves and Ivan Roitt group recognized the merit of using the entire hCGβ instead of the CTP. To get rid of the cross-reaction with hLH, they carried out site-directed mutagenesis to see whether a mutated hCGβ could retain the properties of the entire hCGβ, without cross-reaction with hLH. A single amino acid replacement of arginine at position 68 by glutamic acid resulted in hCGβ generating antibodies devoid of cross-reaction with hLH.79 Along with CellDex Therapeutics Inc. (Needham, MA, USA), a vaccine of hCGβ GA68 linked to a human antibody directed at mannose receptor for delivery of the peptide to human immune cells has been made. Adjuvants employed are GMCSF and two TLR agonists, and poly-ICLC and Resiquimode for TLR3 and TLR8, respectively. The combination is undergoing clinical trials in Middlesex, UK under Prof Ray Iles in patients with bladder cancer expressing ectopically hCGβ. Newspaper report (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1293927/Jab-halt-deadly-forms-cancer.