Potential injury to the colon is greatest during prone lower pole access. A greater surface

area for percutaneous access selleck chemicals exists with the patient prone. The supine position decreases surgeon radiation exposure and promotes spontaneous stone drainage during the procedure. Two comparative series show that the supine position is associated with significantly shorter operative time. In contrast, noncomparative case series suggest decreased operative time and blood loss when treating staghorn calculi with the patient prone.

Conclusions: Each position is feasible but more randomized studies are needed to accurately determine the relative efficacy and morbidity of the 2 positions.”
“Understanding the neural mechanisms that underlie the function of central pattern generators (CPGs) presents a formidable challenge requiring sophisticated tools and well-chosen model systems. In this article, we describe recent work on vocalizations of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. These behaviors are driven by sexually differentiated CPGs and are exceptionally well suited to this objective. In particular, a simplified mechanism of vocal production (independent of respiratory musculature) allows straightforward interpretations of nerve

activity with respect to behavior. Furthermore, the development SCH727965 of a fictively vocalizing isolated brain, together with the finding of rapid androgen-induced masculinization of female vocalizations, PLEKHB2 provides an invaluable tool for determining how new behaviors arise from existing circuits.”
“Background: Eugen Bleuler, in his book Dementia praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien, discussed issues of social psychiatry, and he considered complex interventions pivotal in the care for people with schizophrenia. Bleuler emphasised the potential of therapeutic communities in providing care, the drawbacks of extended hospitalisation and the therapeutic potential

of planned ‘early discharge’ and job integration. Methods: Some of the current evidence on therapeutic communities, planned early hospital discharge, alternatives to inpatient care and job integration in people with severe mental illness are reviewed. Results: (i) Current evidence suggests that therapeutic communities (and new forms of milieu therapy, e. g. Soteria) are an effective ingredient of care; (ii) the evidence on planned early discharge suggests that there is scope for early discharge if continuity of care is ensured, and (iii) the evidence on supported employment suggests that there is scope for early job placement/supported employment among people with schizophrenia with little risk to clinical stability. Conclusion: Eugen Bleuler was a far-sighted social psychiatrist who concentrated on treatment issues and complex interventions that are considered cornerstones of care for people with severe mental illness one hundred years later. Copyright (C) 2012 S.