Studies were performed in mouse cholangiocytes isolated from normal mice (BALB/c) and immortalized by transfection with the simian virus 40 large-T antigen gene.4 These cells demonstrate identical properties to freshly isolated small and large mouse cholangiocytes.3 Cells were maintained in culture as described.3, 4 Additional studies

of P2 receptor https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sorafenib.html expression were performed in primary cholangiocytes isolated from C57BL/6 mice (Charles River, Wilmington, MA) as previously described.16, 17 All animal experiments were performed in accordance with a protocol approved by the Scott & White Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication No. 85-23, revised 1996). Total RNA was extracted using TRIZOL Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and 1 μg RNA was reverse transcribed in the presence of 100 pmol oligo-deoxythymidine primer. For reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), aliquots of 5% of the

total complementary this website DNA were amplified with TaqDNA polymerase in a reaction mixture containing 20 pmol of 5′ and 3′ primers specifically designed for various P2X and P2Y receptors (Supporting Information Methods and Supporting Information Table 1). MLCs and MSCs were grown to confluence on coverglass (Fig. 2), loaded

with 2.5 μg/mL of fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (fura-2-AM; TEF Laboratories, Austin, TX), placed in a perfusion chamber (RC-25F/PHA; Warner Instruments) on Tau-protein kinase the stage of an inverted fluorescence microscope (Nikon TE2000), and the inflow and outflow ports were connected to a syringe pump. Changes of [Ca2+]i (the intracellular calcium concentration) were measured at excitation wavelength of 340 nm (calcium-bound fura-2-AM) and 380 nm (calcium-free fura-2-AM), and emission wavelength of 510 nm and [Ca2+]i was calculated. Confluent MSCs and MLCs were incubated with acetylated α-tubulin antibody (Sigma), as a marker for the primary cilium, and rhodamine phalloidin (Invitrogen) to label actin. Imaging was performed using a PerkinElmer UltraVIEW ERS spinning disk confocal microscope (PerkinElmer, Boston, MA). Imaris 5.0 (Bitplane, Inc., Saint Paul, MN) was used for three-dimensional volume rendering of z-stacks. Exocytosis was assessed by real time imaging using the fluorescent dye FM1-43 (Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR) as previously described.