The Modlab® T3SS effector prediction software gives for A. salmonicida IS630 a positive output at 0.69 which means, that the IS630 itself is a potential T3SS effector. Hence, when the bacteria colonize JAK inhibitor the host, the IS630 expression could be induced and they could begin to exert their transposase activity by excising the transposon (composite if associated to adjacent additional DNA fragments)

from the bacterial genome. Subsequently, the transposase linked to its transposon could be translocated into the host cell by the T3SS, reach the host genome in the nucleus, and finally perform its transposition. Bacterial IS630 elements constitute with the Tc1/mariner eukaryotic DNA buy AZD0156 transposon family, a superfamily [46]. It was demonstrated in vitro that eukaryotic members of this family are able to transpose into prokaryotic genomes [46]. We suppose that the opposite could also be possible as IS630 itself could be translocated via type

three secretion system from the pathogen to its host. In this perspective, our assumption could explain how the adaptive horizontal transfer of a bacterial mannanase gene (HhMAN1) into the genome of an invasive buy LY2835219 insect pest of coffee (Hypothenemus hampei) occurred in the immediate genetic vicinity of a Tc1/mariner transposon [47]. Conclusions In this study we describe HCN-IS630-RFLP as an adequate method for subtyping A. salmonicida strains and to differentiate A. salmonicida from other Aeromonas species. The high

degree of conservation of HCN-IS630-RFLP profiles among strains about of A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolated from geographically most distant areas and over the period of half a century shows that practically all copies of IS630 are stably integrated in this pathogen that has a well-defined host range. We therefore conclude that IS630 might have contributed to the pathoadaptation of A. salmonicida to salmonidae and to the emergence of the subtype A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. Methods Bacterial strains and growth conditions Aeromonas strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Bacteria were grown on trypticase soy agar plates at 18°C for 3 to 6 days until sufficient bacteria were available for DNA extraction. Southern blot analysis with A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida IS630 probe Total DNA extraction from each strain was performed with the Peqgold Bacterial DNA extraction Kit (Peqlab Biotechnologie, Erlangen, Germany). One microgram of DNA from each sample was digested overnight with XhoI restriction enzyme (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany), loaded on a 0.7% agarose gel and subjected to electrophoresis for 4 to 5 hours.