We used a rat model of colonic healing, under normoxic, and stress (hypoxic) conditions to examine the effect of GLP-2 on intestinal healing. Methods. Following colonic transection and reanastomosis, LBH589 animals were randomized to one of six groups (n = 8/group): controls,

native GLP-2, long-acting GLP-2 (GLP-2-MIMETIBODY, GLP-2-MMB), animals were housed under normoxic or hypoxic (11% O(2)) conditions. Animals were studied five days post-operation for anastomotic strength and wound characteristics. Results. Anastomotic bursting pressure was unchanged by GLP-2 or GLP-2-MMB in normoxic or hypoxic animals; both treatments increased crypt cell proliferation. Wound IL-1 beta increased with GLP-2; IFN gamma with GLP-2 and GLP-2-MMB. IL-10 and TGF-beta were decreased; Type I collagen mRNA expression increased in hypoxic animals while Type III collagen was reduced with both GLP-2 agonists. GLP-2 MMB, but not native GLP-2 increased TIMP 1-3 mRNA levels in hypoxia. Conclusions.

The effects on CCP, cytokines and wound healing were similar for both GLP-2 agonists under normoxic and hypoxic conditions; anastomotic strength was not affected. This suggests that GLP-2 (or agonists) could be safely used peri-operatively; direct studies will be required.”
“Aim. To determine whether the national declines in prescription medicine use occurring after the 2005 21% increase in co-payments affected all areas of Australia or were specific to remote and disadvantaged NF-��B inhibitor areas.\n\nMethods.

Observed dispensing of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and statins were obtained for 1392 statistical local areas (SLA) of Australia in 2004 and 2006. Expected dispensing was based on national dispensing rates and was age standardised to each SLA. Expected dispensing www.selleckchem.com/products/gm6001.html for 2006 was based on pre-2005 prescription trends. Ratios of observed to expected dispensing (dispensing ratios) for each SLA were calculated. Mean dispensing ratios for each medicine and year were calculated for all remoteness and disadvantage groups. Generalised regression models compared the percentage change in dispensing ratios from 2004 to 2006.\n\nResults. Between 2004 and 2006 PPI dispensing fell significantly in major cities (-13.7%, 95% CI = -17.3 -9.8), inner regional (-14.0, 95% CI = -19.5 -8.2),outer regional (-14.6%, 95% CI = -19.9 -9.0) and remote areas (-9.4%, 95% CI = -16.4 -1.8). Statin dispensing fell in all groups but the most remote (range 6-7%). When focussing on disadvantage, PPI dispensing fell significantly in all groups (range 12-15%). Statins dispensing did not fall significantly in the most disadvantaged areas (-2.9%, 95% CI = -8.6-3.2) but did in the least (-6.5%,-11.3 -1.5) and second-least (-5.8, -10.5 -0.9) disadvantaged areas.