It will be important for regulators to keep track of any such cha

It will be important for regulators to keep track of any such changes, along with possible shifts in the market selleck chemical Ruxolitinib toward existing products with these characteristics. Finally, we should reiterate that the conclusiveness of our findings is limited by the SHS and ASSAD survey series not beginning until some years after the electronic media advertising ban. Further, the ASSAD survey was not designed with either menthol or light/mild brand smoking in mind, and our consequent lack of ability to quantify total menthol brand smoking among adolescents has made certain conclusions less than definitive. We can claim with certainty that the other stand-alone menthol brands (St. Moritz, Kool, and More) have never attracted Australian adolescent smokers in significant numbers.

However, the ASSAD data do not enable us to determine to what extent the decline in the proportion of adolescent smokers preferring Alpine was due to them switching to menthol variants of the other major brands and to what extent it was due to them switching to nonmenthol brands. However, the fact that adult smokers switched their preferences away from all menthol brands makes it plausible that adolescent smokers may have done the same. In summary, we found strong declines in the market share of Alpine among female adolescents and strong declines in the market share of both Alpine and other menthol brands among younger adult females in the 1980s and early 1990s. Since then, the market shares of both Alpine and other menthol brands have remained relatively stable.

Having once been stereotypically ��young women��s/girl��s cigarettes��, both Alpine and menthol brands generally have become ��older women��s�� cigarettes. This occurred despite Philip Morris�� best efforts to target market Alpine to younger women AV-951 in the more restrictive environment (Carter, 2001, 2003a, 2003b; Harper, 2001; Philip Morris, 1994b). Further research may enable us to better understand the causes of this quite remarkable divergence between Australia and the United States. Funding This work was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (265903, 450110); the US National Institutes of Health (PO1 CA138389); Roswell Park Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center (P50 CA111236); National Cancer Institute of the United States (R01 CA100362), and Canadian Institutes of Health Research (57897 and 79551). The Cancer Council Victoria funded the Smoking and Health Surveys.

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