The “higher-end” occupations of managerial and professional employees are more often exposed to high quantitative and emotional demands, frequent overtime work and schedule changes. A specific position inhibitor price is taken by educational and health care professionals – which are typical examples of emotional labourers [47]. Emotional labourers are more prone to stressors related to interpersonal conflicts or touching interpersonal contacts [9]. This situation is reflected in the elevated exposure to high emotional demands. Moreover, frequent overtime work in educational professionals and atypical work schedules and high physical demands Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries in healthcare professionals reflect the specificity of work organisation in these sectors.

On the other hand, these occupational categories are less confronted with job insecurity, a finding that can be explained by their predominant public sector employment. The stressors related to social interactions Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries show no clear distribution – something that is also seen in previous research [39,45]. Problems of low control in manual (and other routine) occupations have been reported frequently Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries before [46,48] – just Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries as the experience of high immaterial demands in professional and managerial occupations [27,28,46]. When considering the indicators of class and skill, high physical demands, atypical schedules, low control over the work environment and high job insecurity are more common in manual, unskilled and subordinate workers. On the other hand, a cluster of high quantitative and emotional demands, as well as schedule-unpredictability can be seen in higher-skilled and managerial employees.

Although, in general terms, the patterns of distribution in both Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries sexes are fairly similar, some gender-specific patterns exist. Exceptions are the smaller occupational variation in physical demands within female workers and the lower prevalence of schedule unpredictability among female managerial workers. The latter may be related to generally higher domestic demands which need to be reconciliated with professional demands [49]. In addition, some very specific gendered patterns are seen for quantitative demands, repetitive movements, atypical work schedules, overtime work and low autonomy. In interpreting these results, some limitations have to be kept in mind.

First of all, a small age-selection effect in these data can be assumed, related to the “selecting-out” of specific types of older employees – for example, those working Dacomitinib in the most adverse conditions. This could not be controlled formally; however, the non-response analysis showed that the number of people that stopped working between the time of sampling and their participation in the survey was highest in the oldest age categories [34]. Another limitation is the cross-sectional nature of the data. As a result, causality assumptions cannot be tested empirically.