The UV–vis spectrum of CAL-101 concentration GNP dispersion in

distilled water is featureless with a monotonic decrease in absorbance with increasing wavelength, except below 320 nm where a strong Crenigacestat mw absorption band is observed, which scales with GNP concentration but is less independent of GNP specific surface area. Moreover, the absorbance of GNPs decreases from 0.1 to 0.025 wt.%; it should be known that the increasing amount of dispersed GNPs will increase the absorbance that refers to the better nanofluid dispersion. From the results, it can be seen that by increasing the specific surface area of GNPs, the absorption value of λ max increased for the same concentration, which means that a higher specific area gives a better GNP dispersion. As can be seen in Figure 3, the absorption value of λ max at 280 nm shows no visible changes; the GNP nanofluids are considered to be stable. The suddenly decreased absorption value indicates

that the GNP nanoparticles in the nanofluids start to aggregate and deposit. As shown in Figure 3D,E,F, there is a good linear relationship between the absorbance and the concentration of GNPs, which satisfies Beer’s law and indicates that GNP sheets were dispersed well in the base fluid. Figure 3 UV–vis spectrophotometers of GNPs nanofluids. (A, B, C) UV–vis spectrophotometer of GNPs nanofluids at different concentrations and wavelength and (D, E, F) absorption values of GNPs dispersed in distilled water Ralimetinib price at different concentrations. Etomidate Figure 4 shows colloidal stability

of aqueous GNPs of nanofluids as a function of sedimentation time. From the results, it can be seen that the relative concentration for the same specific surface area and different concentrations was decreased due to slight agglomeration and precipitation by the increasing concentration. The best relative concentration of nanofluid compared with the fresh one is for GNP 750, which has a concentration of 0.025 wt.%, because of the higher specific surface area and lower concentration of GNPs. As a result, specific surface area of GNPs shows a very effective influence on the stability of the nanofluid. Figure 4 Relative particle concentration of nanofluids with sediment time. The rate of sedimentation after 600 h is different among these 12 samples as different concentrations and specific surface areas are imposed. This rate is changing as the lowest precipitation rate appears from 1% by GNP 750 (0.025 wt.%) to the highest of 24% by GNP 300 (0.1 wt.%). These results show that different concentrations and specific surface areas affect the rate of sedimentation as well as properties, which agree well with the results of previous studies [28]. Stability investigation with zeta potential The measurement of the zeta potential has carried out the electrophoretic behavior and additional details to comprehend the dispersion behavior of GNPs in water.