12%; 20–30 mm, 5.56%; P > 0.05). In a univariate and multivariate analysis, factors such as initial irregular border and heterogeneous echo texture on EUS were not considered indicative of significant changes of tumors. Figure 1 shows endoscopic and CH5424802 endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) of EUS-suspected gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). (a and A) Endoscopic view of a round subepithelial mass with a significant change in size during 6 years (2005–2011); (b and B) EUS shows a homogeneous, hypoechoic lesion arising from

the muscularis propria (fourth layer) of gastric wall. Conclusion: The majority of cases (95.72%) of asymptomatic EUS-suspected gastric GISTs of ≤30 mm in size does not change during a median follow-up of 37 months. Therefore, endoscopic examination

1–2 years after the initial diagnosis is recommended. If necessary, surgical intervention will be considered. And initial factors such as heterogeneous echo texture and irregular border cannot be considered as an index of significant changes of the lesion. Key Word(s): 1. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS); 2. gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs); 3. natural course Presenting Author: BING HU Additional Authors: YI MOU Corresponding Author: HUI LIU Affiliations: West China Hospital, Sichuan Univ Objective: Esophageal tuberculosis is frequently misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated. In order to increase the correct diagnosis rate, we summarize 5 R428 datasheet cases of initially misdiagnosed esophageal tuberculosis. Methods: From 2006 to 2012, 11 patients were diagnosed as esophageal tuberculosis in our hospital. 5 of them were initially

misdiagnosed as leiomyoma or cyst. The 5 patients presented dysphagia, 3 of whom with retrosternal pain. They reported no history of tuberculosis and weight loss. Physical examinations and selleck chemical contrast enhanced chest computed tomography (CT) were normal. The lesions were found in the middle or lower esophagus on gastroscopy, with bulging mucosa, smooth surface and clear boundary (Figure 1A). Biopsies were not taken. A week to a month later, ulcers with clear boundary were observed (Figure 1B). Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) showed the esophagus walls were interrupted, incrassated and had hypoechoic lumps with homogeneous internal echo (Figure 1C). Each patient was taken 4 to 8 biopsies in areas suspicious of tuberculosis, the specimens being sent for acid-fast stain and PCR. They received antituberculosis treatment for 6 to12 months with satisfying outcomes (Figure 1D). Results: Fig 1. A The initial gastroscopy. B and C Gastroscopy and EUS two weeks later. D Gastroscopy after three months of antituberculosis treatment. Conclusion: When submucosal bulges are found on gastroscopy in the esophagus, endoscopists should be alert to tuberculosis, especially in developing countries. Vigilance, biopsy, EUS and contrast enhanced CT may help increase the correct diagnosis rate. Key Word(s): 1.

12%; 20–30 mm, 5.56%; P > 0.05). In a univariate and multivariate analysis, factors such as initial irregular border and heterogeneous echo texture on EUS were not considered indicative of significant changes of tumors. Figure 1 shows endoscopic and selleckchem endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) of EUS-suspected gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). (a and A) Endoscopic view of a round subepithelial mass with a significant change in size during 6 years (2005–2011); (b and B) EUS shows a homogeneous, hypoechoic lesion arising from

the muscularis propria (fourth layer) of gastric wall. Conclusion: The majority of cases (95.72%) of asymptomatic EUS-suspected gastric GISTs of ≤30 mm in size does not change during a median follow-up of 37 months. Therefore, endoscopic examination

1–2 years after the initial diagnosis is recommended. If necessary, surgical intervention will be considered. And initial factors such as heterogeneous echo texture and irregular border cannot be considered as an index of significant changes of the lesion. Key Word(s): 1. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS); 2. gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs); 3. natural course Presenting Author: BING HU Additional Authors: YI MOU Corresponding Author: HUI LIU Affiliations: West China Hospital, Sichuan Univ Objective: Esophageal tuberculosis is frequently misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated. In order to increase the correct diagnosis rate, we summarize 5 Torin 1 nmr cases of initially misdiagnosed esophageal tuberculosis. Methods: From 2006 to 2012, 11 patients were diagnosed as esophageal tuberculosis in our hospital. 5 of them were initially

misdiagnosed as leiomyoma or cyst. The 5 patients presented dysphagia, 3 of whom with retrosternal pain. They reported no history of tuberculosis and weight loss. Physical examinations and selleck inhibitor contrast enhanced chest computed tomography (CT) were normal. The lesions were found in the middle or lower esophagus on gastroscopy, with bulging mucosa, smooth surface and clear boundary (Figure 1A). Biopsies were not taken. A week to a month later, ulcers with clear boundary were observed (Figure 1B). Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) showed the esophagus walls were interrupted, incrassated and had hypoechoic lumps with homogeneous internal echo (Figure 1C). Each patient was taken 4 to 8 biopsies in areas suspicious of tuberculosis, the specimens being sent for acid-fast stain and PCR. They received antituberculosis treatment for 6 to12 months with satisfying outcomes (Figure 1D). Results: Fig 1. A The initial gastroscopy. B and C Gastroscopy and EUS two weeks later. D Gastroscopy after three months of antituberculosis treatment. Conclusion: When submucosal bulges are found on gastroscopy in the esophagus, endoscopists should be alert to tuberculosis, especially in developing countries. Vigilance, biopsy, EUS and contrast enhanced CT may help increase the correct diagnosis rate. Key Word(s): 1.

Methods: Consecutive patients referred to Beijing friendship hospital from January 2011 to Semptember 2012 treated by the stent-in-stent Technique were included. The fully covered self-expanding metal stent was placed inside the uncovered SEMS. The length of fully covered self-expanding metal stent was slightly more than previous on-covered Self-Expanding Metal Stents.Subsequent removal

of both stents XL765 was planned after a period of 30 days. Stent retrieving used snare and other devices. Results: 9 stent-in-stent procedures were performed in 7 patients. In 6 of 7rocedures, covered and uncovered metal stents were successfully removed in one procedure. Only one patient, a repeat stent-in-stent procedure was needed. No complication were founded. Conclusion: The stent-in-stent technique is safe and effective for removal of uncovered SEMSs. Key Word(s): 1. stent in stent; 2. biliary stent; 3. ERCP; 4. therapy; Presenting

Author: BING-XIA GAO Additional Authors: WEI-PING, TAI Corresponding Author: BING-XIA GAO Affiliations: Gastroenterology Department of Geriatric Medicine, Shijitan Hospital, CMU; Department of Gastroenterology, Shijitan Hospital.CMU Objective: The dissemination of gastric neoplasms usually occurs in a typical manner. The metastasis was always found at the following click here sites: regional lymph nodes, peritoneum, liver, lung, bones, etc. Nevertheless, this dissemination pattern is occasionally identical and dissemination of primary gastric neoplasms appears in other locations, such as the gastrointestinal mucosa. Colonic metastases from gastric adenocarcinoma are very rare and usually present as “linitis plastica” selleck screening library or an annular stricture. We reported a case of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with scattered signet ring cell of gastric stump adenocarcinoma

and mucosal metastases in multiple colonic polyps. Methods: Clinical data of a patient diagnosed with polypoid colonic metastases from gastric stump carcinoma was retrospectively analyzed. Results: One eighty-year-old male patient suffered gastrectomy because of perforation of benign gastric ulcer 48 years ago. He undertook gastroscopy examination because of the symptoms of diarrhea, weight loss, anorexia and lower abdominal pain which showed multifocal ulcerated lesions detected from cardia (Figure 1 A) to gastrointestinal anastomotic with a bad-defined in remnant stomach, His colonoscopy showed more than ten multiple polypoid lesions of 6 to 10 mm diameter scattered throughout the entire colon except the rectum (Figure 1 B in transvers colon), Each lesion had either erosion or a depression at the top and some of them were covered with white fur.

Material: click here ceramic–ceramic (Yttria-stabilized zirconia core, pressable fluorapatite glass-ceramic, IPS e.max

ZirCAD, and ZirPress, Ivoclar Vivadent) B. metal–ceramic (palladium-based noble alloy, Capricorn, Ivoclar Vivadent, with press-on leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic veneer, IPS InLine POM, Ivoclar Vivadent); (2) occlusal veneer thickness (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm); (3) curvature of gingival embrasure (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 mm diameter); and (4) connector height (3, 4, and 5 mm). FDPs were fabricated and cemented with dual-cure resin cement (RelyX, Universal Cement, 3M ESPE). Patients were recalled at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. FDPs were examined for cracks, fracture, and general surface quality. Recall exams of 72 prostheses revealed 10 chipping fractures. No fractures occurred within the connector or embrasure areas. Two-sided Fisher’s exact tests showed no significant

correlation between fractures and type of material system (p = 0.51), veneer thickness (p = 0.75), radius of curvature of gingival embrasure (p = 0.68), and Panobinostat mouse connector height (p = 0.91). Although there were no significant associations between connector height, curvature of gingival embrasure, core/veneer thickness ratio, and material system and the survival probability of implant-supported FDPs with zirconia as a core material, the small number of fractures precludes a definitive conclusion on the dominant controlling factor. “
“The aim of this study was to assess patients’ perceptions of benefits and risks concerning complete denture therapy. A secondary objective was to assess the influence of clinical and sociodemographic variables on patients’ perceptions. The sample was

composed of 104 volunteers who presented themselves for complete denture treatment at a dental school. The average age of the volunteers was 69.2 years (±) 9.3. Patient opinions concerning the benefits of complete denture therapy were recorded using a previously reported questionnaire. The answers were evaluated in three domains: (1) benefits (positive perceptions); (2) risks (negative perceptions); and (3) consequences of no treatment. The average time of use of the previous dentures was 20 years (SD ±12.9). Risk factors (negative perceptions) received lower scores by the patients, while the consequences of no treatment received higher selleckchem scores. No association was found among evaluations of the previous dentures and educational level, marital status, and gender; however, patients’ evaluation about their previous dentures was significantly different depending on age (p = 0.001) and previous dentures’ time of use (p = 0.038). Patients presented a positive perception of complete denture therapy, and the risk factors (negative perceptions) received the lowest scores. Patient perception regarding complete denture therapy was not influenced by educational level, evaluation of the previous dentures, or marital status.

2014. Key Word(s): 1. GLP-2; 2. stress ulcer; 3. intestinal barrier function Presenting Author: VX-770 chemical structure YINGQIAO ZHU Additional Authors:

YANG BAI, QI ZHANG Corresponding Author: YINGQIAO ZHU Affiliations: Ultrasound, 1st Hospital, Jilin University; Ultrasound, 1st Hospital, Jilin University Objective: Study the left gastric vein color Doppler evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic variceal ligation. Methods: 102 Patients (median age 60 years) involved in this study, all of them with significant liver cirrhosis and varices, in which 38 males (median age 58 years), females 25 (median age 62 years). All patients underwent endoscopic variceal ligation, and was carried out left gastric vein color Doppler ultrasound examination before and after ligation, respectively. Contrast the hemodynamics changes of left gastric vein before and after surgery. 2 h before and after the Ligation , resting, take the appropriate position, moderate pressure scanning, we observe the left gastric vein diameter, flow direction, flow velocity and other indicators. Effective treatment is defined as: left gastric vein flow direction restore to the liver, hepatic direction flow velocity was increased to more than 30% before surgery or reflux velocity dropped

to more than 30% before surgery. Results: 102 subjects were successfully completed by ligation, in which 85 patients with more significant changes in hemodynamics after ligation. The sensitivity and specificity of color Doppler ultrasound examination for efficacy evaluation were 83.3% and 100%, respectively. KPT-330 datasheet find more Conclusion: The left gastric

artery color Doppler examination can overall assess Hepatogastric shunt condition by comparing before and after endoscopic variceal ligation surgery. Due to the complex diversity of the collateral circulation, left gastric vein color Doppler examination cannot make a precise assessment of all cases. Key Word(s): 1. color Doppler; 2. left gastric vein; 3. varicose veins; 4. ligation Presenting Author: XAVIER ADHOUTE Additional Authors: GUILLAUME PENARANDA, JEAN FREDERIC BLANC, JULIEN EDELINE, GUILLAUME CONROY, PAUL CASTELLANI, VALERIE OULES, OLIVIER BAYLE, OLIVIER MONNET, BERNARD POL, PATRICK BEAURAIN, HERVE PERRIER, JEAN LUC RAOUL, JEAN PIERRE BRONOWICKI, MARC BOURLIERE Corresponding Author: XAVIER ADHOUTE Affiliations: Alphabio Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-André, Centre Eugene Marquis, Chu Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Paoli-Calmettes Institute, Chu Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, Hôpital Saint-Joseph Objective: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. BCLC C HCC includes a broad spectrum of tumors. The prognosis may vary with liver function and characteristics of the tumor.

2014. Key Word(s): 1. GLP-2; 2. stress ulcer; 3. intestinal barrier function Presenting Author: this website YINGQIAO ZHU Additional Authors:

YANG BAI, QI ZHANG Corresponding Author: YINGQIAO ZHU Affiliations: Ultrasound, 1st Hospital, Jilin University; Ultrasound, 1st Hospital, Jilin University Objective: Study the left gastric vein color Doppler evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic variceal ligation. Methods: 102 Patients (median age 60 years) involved in this study, all of them with significant liver cirrhosis and varices, in which 38 males (median age 58 years), females 25 (median age 62 years). All patients underwent endoscopic variceal ligation, and was carried out left gastric vein color Doppler ultrasound examination before and after ligation, respectively. Contrast the hemodynamics changes of left gastric vein before and after surgery. 2 h before and after the Ligation , resting, take the appropriate position, moderate pressure scanning, we observe the left gastric vein diameter, flow direction, flow velocity and other indicators. Effective treatment is defined as: left gastric vein flow direction restore to the liver, hepatic direction flow velocity was increased to more than 30% before surgery or reflux velocity dropped

to more than 30% before surgery. Results: 102 subjects were successfully completed by ligation, in which 85 patients with more significant changes in hemodynamics after ligation. The sensitivity and specificity of color Doppler ultrasound examination for efficacy evaluation were 83.3% and 100%, respectively. Selleckchem Y 27632 selleck screening library Conclusion: The left gastric

artery color Doppler examination can overall assess Hepatogastric shunt condition by comparing before and after endoscopic variceal ligation surgery. Due to the complex diversity of the collateral circulation, left gastric vein color Doppler examination cannot make a precise assessment of all cases. Key Word(s): 1. color Doppler; 2. left gastric vein; 3. varicose veins; 4. ligation Presenting Author: XAVIER ADHOUTE Additional Authors: GUILLAUME PENARANDA, JEAN FREDERIC BLANC, JULIEN EDELINE, GUILLAUME CONROY, PAUL CASTELLANI, VALERIE OULES, OLIVIER BAYLE, OLIVIER MONNET, BERNARD POL, PATRICK BEAURAIN, HERVE PERRIER, JEAN LUC RAOUL, JEAN PIERRE BRONOWICKI, MARC BOURLIERE Corresponding Author: XAVIER ADHOUTE Affiliations: Alphabio Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-André, Centre Eugene Marquis, Chu Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Paoli-Calmettes Institute, Chu Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, Hôpital Saint-Joseph Objective: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. BCLC C HCC includes a broad spectrum of tumors. The prognosis may vary with liver function and characteristics of the tumor.

The ChiLDREN Network supports the discovery of new diagnostics, etiologies and treatment options for children with liver disease, and those who undergo liver transplantation. The network also supports training for the next generation of investigators of pediatric liver diseases.[107] During a Strategic Planning Meeting held in 2000 the AASLD Governing Board set out to codify a body of www.selleckchem.com/products/pci-32765.html knowledge that would establish criteria to develop hepatology as a focused, distinct discipline within the medical subspecialty of gastroenterology and to identify

the special training that individuals involved in “advanced” hepatology and liver transplantation required. The goal was to ensure recognition of individuals who had acquired the training, expertise, and skills to be considered a “hepatologist.” [108] Up to that time the discipline of hepatology was largely viewed as a focused research activity. However, the clinical profile was rapidly expanding, driven by the growth

of liver transplantation programs, the discovery of the hepatitis C virus, and the nascent epidemic of obesity-related Selleckchem PS-341 liver disease. As a member of the AASLD Governing Board at that time (Fig. 7), I was excited about the concept and the opportunity for the development of Advanced/Transplant Hepatology as a subdiscipline of gastroenterology. Equally exciting, as the first pediatrician to be elected president of the AASLD, I had a unique click here perspective and thus envisioned the impact on those of us who were predominantly involved in the care of children and adolescents with liver disease. Around that time the leadership of NASPGHAN separately addressed the question as to whether special certification or qualifications in Pediatric Hepatology were necessary within the field of Pediatric Gastroenterology.[109] Data generated from a NASPGHAN workforce survey

estimated that there were approximately 300 practitioners of Pediatric Hepatology. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) had specific qualifications for the designation of pediatric liver transplant physicians, which included fellowship training in Pediatric Gastroenterology with a minimum exposure of clinical care of 10 pediatric patients undergoing liver transplant. Furthermore, it was required that the trainee provide ongoing care for at least 20 children who have undergone liver transplantation, under the guidance of a qualified liver transplant physician and surgeon. The problem, therefore, for individuals interested in training in the field or pursuing careers focusing on Pediatric Hepatology was the need to find appropriate mentors and training programs. The NASPGHAN leadership recognized the demand for validated practitioners and the need for increased recognition for individuals who achieved a specified level of competence in the field.

The ChiLDREN Network supports the discovery of new diagnostics, etiologies and treatment options for children with liver disease, and those who undergo liver transplantation. The network also supports training for the next generation of investigators of pediatric liver diseases.[107] During a Strategic Planning Meeting held in 2000 the AASLD Governing Board set out to codify a body of Angiogenesis inhibitor knowledge that would establish criteria to develop hepatology as a focused, distinct discipline within the medical subspecialty of gastroenterology and to identify

the special training that individuals involved in “advanced” hepatology and liver transplantation required. The goal was to ensure recognition of individuals who had acquired the training, expertise, and skills to be considered a “hepatologist.” [108] Up to that time the discipline of hepatology was largely viewed as a focused research activity. However, the clinical profile was rapidly expanding, driven by the growth

of liver transplantation programs, the discovery of the hepatitis C virus, and the nascent epidemic of obesity-related CP-690550 order liver disease. As a member of the AASLD Governing Board at that time (Fig. 7), I was excited about the concept and the opportunity for the development of Advanced/Transplant Hepatology as a subdiscipline of gastroenterology. Equally exciting, as the first pediatrician to be elected president of the AASLD, I had a unique check details perspective and thus envisioned the impact on those of us who were predominantly involved in the care of children and adolescents with liver disease. Around that time the leadership of NASPGHAN separately addressed the question as to whether special certification or qualifications in Pediatric Hepatology were necessary within the field of Pediatric Gastroenterology.[109] Data generated from a NASPGHAN workforce survey

estimated that there were approximately 300 practitioners of Pediatric Hepatology. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) had specific qualifications for the designation of pediatric liver transplant physicians, which included fellowship training in Pediatric Gastroenterology with a minimum exposure of clinical care of 10 pediatric patients undergoing liver transplant. Furthermore, it was required that the trainee provide ongoing care for at least 20 children who have undergone liver transplantation, under the guidance of a qualified liver transplant physician and surgeon. The problem, therefore, for individuals interested in training in the field or pursuing careers focusing on Pediatric Hepatology was the need to find appropriate mentors and training programs. The NASPGHAN leadership recognized the demand for validated practitioners and the need for increased recognition for individuals who achieved a specified level of competence in the field.

The focus then turns to neuropsychological investigations of the cognitive basis of symptoms

which, although unusual in the broader context of a dementia clinic, are particularly characteristic of the PCA syndrome, before exploring implications for clinical management and patient and carer support. “
“We PLX3397 studied the effects of optokinetic stimulation (OKS; leftward, rightward, control) on the visuo-perceptual and number space, in the same sample, during line bisection and mental number interval bisection tasks. To this end, we tested six patients with right-hemisphere damage and neglect, six patients with right-hemisphere damage but without neglect, and six neurologically healthy participants. In patients with neglect, we found a strong effect selleck compound of leftward OKS on line bisection, but not on mental number interval bisection. We suggest

that OKS influences the number space only under specific conditions. “
“Theory of Mind (ToM) allows one’s own and others’ cognitive and emotional mental states to be inferred. Although many patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) display impaired social functioning as their disease progresses, very few studies have investigated ToM in AD. Those that have done so suggest that patients’ ToM deficits are the consequence of other cognitive impairments. The aim of this study was thus to investigate changes in both the cognitive and the affective dimensions of ToM in AD, using tasks designed to circumvent the patients’ comprehension this website difficulties. Sixteen mild to moderate AD patients and 15 healthy controls matched on age, sex and education level underwent cognitive (preference judgment and first- and second-order false belief) and affective (Reading the Mind in the Eyes) ToM assessments. Comprehension of false belief stories was verified and an additional neuropsychological

examination was undergone. We observed impaired performances by AD patients on all the ToM tasks. While working memory and executive functioning impairments contributed to the deterioration in the more complex aspects of cognitive ToM abilities as highlighted by a correlation analysis, we failed to observe any comprehension difficulties in patients who performed poorly on simple cognitive ToM tasks, which suggests that AD truly affects cognitive ToM. “
“Information processing difficulties are common in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). It has been shown that the time it takes to process a complex cognitive task, rather than error rate, may be the critical variable underlying CFS patients’ cognitive complaints. The Attention Network Task (ANT) developed by Fan and colleagues may be of clinical utility to assess cognitive function in CFS, because it allows for simultaneous assessment of mental response speed, also called information processing speed, and error rate under three conditions challenging the attention system.

The focus then turns to neuropsychological investigations of the cognitive basis of symptoms

which, although unusual in the broader context of a dementia clinic, are particularly characteristic of the PCA syndrome, before exploring implications for clinical management and patient and carer support. “
“We Ku-0059436 in vitro studied the effects of optokinetic stimulation (OKS; leftward, rightward, control) on the visuo-perceptual and number space, in the same sample, during line bisection and mental number interval bisection tasks. To this end, we tested six patients with right-hemisphere damage and neglect, six patients with right-hemisphere damage but without neglect, and six neurologically healthy participants. In patients with neglect, we found a strong effect Seliciclib solubility dmso of leftward OKS on line bisection, but not on mental number interval bisection. We suggest

that OKS influences the number space only under specific conditions. “
“Theory of Mind (ToM) allows one’s own and others’ cognitive and emotional mental states to be inferred. Although many patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) display impaired social functioning as their disease progresses, very few studies have investigated ToM in AD. Those that have done so suggest that patients’ ToM deficits are the consequence of other cognitive impairments. The aim of this study was thus to investigate changes in both the cognitive and the affective dimensions of ToM in AD, using tasks designed to circumvent the patients’ comprehension check details difficulties. Sixteen mild to moderate AD patients and 15 healthy controls matched on age, sex and education level underwent cognitive (preference judgment and first- and second-order false belief) and affective (Reading the Mind in the Eyes) ToM assessments. Comprehension of false belief stories was verified and an additional neuropsychological

examination was undergone. We observed impaired performances by AD patients on all the ToM tasks. While working memory and executive functioning impairments contributed to the deterioration in the more complex aspects of cognitive ToM abilities as highlighted by a correlation analysis, we failed to observe any comprehension difficulties in patients who performed poorly on simple cognitive ToM tasks, which suggests that AD truly affects cognitive ToM. “
“Information processing difficulties are common in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). It has been shown that the time it takes to process a complex cognitive task, rather than error rate, may be the critical variable underlying CFS patients’ cognitive complaints. The Attention Network Task (ANT) developed by Fan and colleagues may be of clinical utility to assess cognitive function in CFS, because it allows for simultaneous assessment of mental response speed, also called information processing speed, and error rate under three conditions challenging the attention system.