J Am Chem Soc 2011, 132:4524–4525.buy BB-94 CrossRef 8. Wan P, Hill EH, Zhang X: Interfacial supramolecular chemistry for stimuli-responsive functional surfaces. Prog Chem 2012, 24:1–7. 9. Balasubramanian K, Burghard M: Biosensors based on carbon nanotubes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006, 385:452–468.CrossRef 10. Kojima M, Chiba T, Niishima J, Higashi T, Fukuda T, Nakajima Y, Kurosu S, Hanajiri T, Isjii K, Maekawa T, Inoue A: Dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes modified with poly-l-tyrosine in water. Nano Res Lett 2011, 6:128.CrossRef 11. Kharisov BI, Kharissova OV, Gutierrez HL, Méndez UO: Recent advances

on the soluble carbon nanotubes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009, 48:572–590.CrossRef 12. Gao Y, Kyratzis I: Covalent immobilization of proteins on carbon nanotubes selleckchem using the cross-linker 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide—a critical assessment. Bioconjugate Chem 2008, 19:1945–1950.CrossRef 13. Liu AR, Wakayama T, Nakamura C, Miyake J, Zorin NA, Qian DJ: Electrochemical properties of carbon nanotubes–hydrogenase conjugates Langmuir–Blodgett films. Electrochim Acta 2007, 52:3222–3228.CrossRef 14. Baur J, Goff AL, Dementin S, Holzinger M, Rousset M, Cosnier S: Three-dimensional carbon nanotube–polypyrrole–[NiFe] hydrogenase electrodes for the efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of H 2 . Inter J Hydrogen Energy 2011, 36:12096–12101.CrossRef

15. Zhang N, Wang G, Gu A, Feng Y, Fang B: Fabrication of prussian selleck products blue/multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified electrode Florfenicol for electrochemical sensing of hydroxylamine. Microchim Acta

2010, 168:129–134.CrossRef 16. You YZ, Hong CY, Pan CY: Covalently immobilizing a biological molecule onto a carbon nanotube via a stimuli-sensitive bond. J Phys Chem C 2007, 111:16161–16166.CrossRef 17. Sun Q, Zorin NA, Chen D, Chen M, Liu TX, Miyake J, Qian DJ: Langmuir−Blodgett films of pyridyldithio-modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a support to immobilize hydrogenase. Langmuir 2011, 26:10259–10265.CrossRef 18. Liu J, Rinzler AG, Dai H, Hafner JH, Bradley RK, Boul PJ, Lu A, Lverson T, Shelimov K, Huffman CB, Rodriguez-Macias F, Shon YS, Lee TR, Colbert DT, Smalley RE: Fullerene pipes. Science 1998, 280:1253–1256.CrossRef 19. Nakahara N, Huang HX, Qian DJ, Miyake J: Quartz crystal microbalance and electrochemical studies on a viologen thiol incorporated in phospholipid self-assembled monolayers. Langmuir 2002, 18:5804–5809.CrossRef 20. Ock JY, Shin HK, Kwon YS, Miyake J: Study on the electrochemical behavior of the viologen monolayers by different chemical structure. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects 2005, 257–258:351–355.CrossRef 21. Seo BI, Lee H, Chung JJ, Cha SH, Lee KH, Seo WJ, Cho Y, Park HB, Kim WS: Hydration number of calcium palmitate LB film deposited on a piezoelectric quartz crystal plate. Thin Solid Films 1998, 327–329:722–725.CrossRef 22.

Naturalized plants may become invasive in new habitats only when they produce adequate reproductive off-spring (Richardson et al. 2000; Pyšek et al. 2004). Compilation of comprehensive lists of the naturalized species list for a given country, and comparative studies of naturalized floras in different regions, have proved to be a useful approach to understanding taxonomic patterns of plant invasion (Pyšek et al. 2004; Khuroo et al. 2007) and are the first steps towards developing management strategies for invasive species. China is the world’s third largest country with a total area of 9.6 million km2 and encompassing a wide range of habitats and environmental conditions (Xie

et al. 2001). The estimated annual economic loss in China due to invasive alien species may amount to US$ 15 billion (Xu et al. 2006a). TPCA-1 in vitro The problem of invasive alien species in China has been discussed by a number of authors with emphasis on harmful invasive plants (e.g., Ding and Wang 1998; Qiang and Cao 2000; Li and Xie 2002; Liu et al. 2005; Xu et al. 2006b; Liu et al. 2006; Ding learn more et al. 2008; Weber et al. 2008; Huang et al. 2009; Feng and Zhu 2010). A number of regional lists of naturalized plants have been compiled, e.g., for Shandong (Wu et al.

2006), Guangzhou (Yan et al. 2007), Hong Kong (Corlett 1992, Ng and Corlett 2002), Macau (Wang et al. 2004), and Taiwan (Wu et al. 2004a, b, 2010b). Most recently, a list of 420 naturalized plant species occurring in mainland China was compiled by Wu et al. (2010a). This provided an important advance, while nationwide documentation of naturalized plants in China is still lacking. Considering that the naturalized floras of many countries or continents have been well documented, e.g., Europe (Weber 1997; Lambdon et al. 2008), Mexico (Villaseñor and Espinosa-Garcia 2004), Kashmir Himalaya (Khuroo et al. 2007),

North Africa (Vilà et al. 1999), Austria (this website Rabitsch and Essl 2006), and Singapore (Corlett 1988), comprehensive documentation of naturalized PJ34 HCl alien species in China therefore stands to provide an important data set for comparative studies of alien floras, and offer new insights to our understanding of global patterns of plant invasions. In this light, our main objective in the present study is to compile a database of naturalized plants in China. Based on this compilation, we then address the four specific questions: (1) What is the current prevalence of naturalized plants in China? (2) Is there a taxonomic pattern? (3) Where did these species originate? and (4) Are there life form and habit characters associated with plant invasion? We hope that this effort will contribute towards offering insightful perspectives and information for further regional or global studies of plant invasion.

Pseudoparaphyses not observed. Asci 60–90 × 13–20 μm \( \left( \overline x = 75 \times 20\,\upmu \mathrmm,\mathrmn = 20 \right) \), 8−spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to broadly-clavate, with a short, narrow, furcate pedicel, rounded at apex with a 3–5 μm high SB202190 chemical structure ocular chamber. Ascospores 15–20 × 7–10 μm \( \left( \overline x = 17 \times 8\,\upmu \mathrmm,\mathrmn = 40 \right) \), biseriate or distichously arranged, partially overlapping, hyaline, aseptate,

fusiform to ellipsoid, straight or AZD1152 nmr somewhat curved, with verrucose spore wall. Asexual state not established. Material examined: COSTA RICA, Alajuela, near Mondongo, on living leaves of Siparunea patelliformis Peck, 3 February 1925, San Ramon, H. Sydow 211, (S−F7628, lectotype designated here) Saccharata Denman & Crous, CBS Diversity Ser. 2: 104 (2004) MycoBank: MB28918 Saprobic on dead leaves. Ascomata black, erumpent, solitary,

scattered, subglobose to ovoid, rough-walled, papillate. Papilla central, with a short neck. Peridium composed of brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura globulosa. Pseudoparaphyses hyphae-like, anastomosing mostly above the asci. Asci 8–spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to fusiform, pedicellate, apically rounded with an CHIR98014 manufacturer ocular chamber. Ascospores uniseriate, hyaline, aseptate, guttulate, ellipsoidal, clavate, fusiform to broad fusiform, tapering to obtuse ends, smooth-walled.

Conidiomata Atezolizumab manufacturer pycnidial, dark brown, eustromatic, immersed, subepidermal, separate, uni−to multilocular, walls consisting of dark brown textura angularis, ostiolate. Fusicoccum asexual morph: Conidiophores hyaline, smooth, branched, subcylindrical, 1–3 septate, formed from the inner layer of the locule, intermingled with hyaline, septate paraphyses. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, discrete or intergrated. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, smooth, clavate, thin-walled, apex subobtuse, base truncate. The microconidial state occurs in the same or in separate conidiomata to the Fusicoccum asexual morph. Microconidiophores hyaline, cylindrical, 1–3 septate, smooth, branched. Microconidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, discrete or integrated. Microconidia brown, aseptate, subcylindrical to narrowly ellipsoid with rounded ends, thick-walled, finely verruculose, guttulate. The spermatial state occurs in conidiomata with the Fusicoccum asexual morph, or in separate spermatogomia. Spermatiophores hyaline, 1–3 septate, cylindrical, smooth, branched. Spermatiogenous cells hyaline, cylindrical, discrete or integrated, smooth. Spermatia hyaline, aseptate, rod−shape with rounded ends, smooth (asexual morph description follows Denman et al. 1999).

McGraw-Hill Professional, New York Ratnam J, Bond WJ, Fensham RJ, Hoffmann WA, Archibald S, Lehmann CER, Anderson MT, Higgins SI, Sankaran M (2011) When is a ‘forest’ a savanna, and why does it matter? Glob Ecol Biogeogr 20:653–660CrossRef Renaud PC (2006) Aerial & terrestrial inventory of the wildlife and mounting pressures in the National Park of Niokolo Koba. Niokolo Koba National Park, Senegal Sanderson EW, Redford KH, Chetkiewicz CLB, Medellin RA, Rabinowitz AR et al (2002) Planning to save a species: the jaguar as a model. Conserv Biol 16:58–72CrossRef Sankaran M, Hanan NP,

AZD5582 research buy Scholes RJ, Ratnam J et al (2005) Determinants of woody cover in African savannas. Nature 438:846–849PubMedCrossRef Staver AC, Archibald S, Levin SA (2011) The global extent and determinants of savanna and forest as alternative biome states. Science 334:230–232PubMedCrossRef Treves A, Plumptre AJ, Hunter LTB, Ziwa J (2009) Identifying a potential lion Panthera leo stronghold in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, and Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo. Oryx 43:60–66CrossRef van Orsdol KG, Hanby JP, Bygott JD (1985) Ecological correlates of lion social organisation (Panthera leo). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nutlin-3a.html J Zool 206:97–112CrossRef

Woodroffe R (2000) Predators and people: using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores. Anim Conserv 3:165–173CrossRef Woodroffe R, Ginsberg J (1998) Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas. Sci 280:2126–2128CrossRef Yamazaki K (1996) Social variation of lions in a male-depopulated area in

Zambia. J Wildl Manag 60(3):490–497CrossRef”
“Introduction Habitat loss and degradation are the greatest extinction threats to biodiversity in a variety of ecosystems and taxonomic groups (Jager et al. 2006; Fischer and Thiamet G Lindenmayer 2007). The process of habitat degradation implies the gradual deterioration of habitat quality and can generate a pattern of variation in patch quality for a given species (Mortelliti et al. 2010). In degraded habitat a species may decline, occur at a lower density, or be unable to breed, thus the area becomes an “ecological trap” to which individuals of a species are attracted, but in which they cannot reproduce (Felton et al. 2003; Battin 2004; Hazell et al. 2004). Fragmentation makes the difference between persistence and extinction, since longer dispersal distances to find territories increases movement-related mortality, territories include lower quality habitat, which elevated habitat-related mortality and Alee effects (failure to find mates) reduce births (Jager et al. 2006). Habitat isolation can have a negative effect not only on the dispersal of juveniles (by decreasing population connectivity) but also, and to an even greater extent, on the Crenolanib cell line day-to-day movements of a given territorial species (Fahrig 2003; Fischer and Lindenmayer 2007; Zabala et al. 2007b; Zalewski et al. 2009).

Next, we investigated click here the relationship between the colony temperature and growth rate. Figure 2 Growth medium temperature dependence of the colony temperature and growth rate of P. putida TK1401. Open circles: temperature difference between a bacterial colony and that of the growth medium; closed circles: specific growth rates. The temperature difference

between the bacterial colony and that of the growth medium was determined from three replicates and is given as the mean ± standard deviation. The growth rate of bacteria that grew on LB agar plates was determined based on the turbidity of cell suspensions harvested from the plate cultures. The sizes of bacterial cells were measured using Scanning electron microscopy (data not shown) because cell sizes find more affect the turbidity of a cell suspension. The cell size was approximately 0.4 × 1.2 μm and was not affected by the growth temperature. As shown in Figure 2, the optimal growth temperature for P. putida TK1401 was 32.5°C. Its colony temperature was similar to that of the surrounding medium, even at its optimal growth temperature. Although thermogenesis usually depends on bacterial growth, in the case of P. putida TK1401, an increase in colony temperature was only observed at a suboptimal growth temperature. Figure 3 shows thermograph and photograph of the bacterial colonies after 2 days of incubation at 26°C −33°C on thermal CH5183284 order gradient plates. In this photograph,

the temperature of the thermal gradient plate increased linearly from left to right. P. putida TK1401 formed colonies under these conditions (Figure 3a), and the colonies that grew at 30°C were more clearly visible in the thermograph compared with the colonies that grew at other temperatures (Figure 3b). Figure 3c shows the temperature profiles of the thermal gradient plate 5-Fluoracil solubility dmso as determined by thermography. The colony temperature was higher than that of the growth medium at a growth temperature lower than 31.5°C, whereas it was similar to that of the growth

medium at a growth temperature higher than 31.5°C. The colony temperature was approximately 0.4°C higher than that of the growth medium at a growth temperature of 30°C. Thus, P. putida TK1401 exhibited a unique thermal behavior when grown at approximately 30°C. Figure 3 A linear temperature gradient (26°C −33°C) was applied horizontally to a bacterial growth plate from left to right in the image. a: Representative photograph of P. putida TK1401 grown on a thermal gradient plate. Bacterial cells were incubated for 2 days on the thermal gradient plate. Line 1 is drawn through the colonies and line 2 is only drawn through the medium. b: Representative thermographs of P. putida TK1401 grown on a thermal gradient plate. c: Temperature profiles of colonies and growth medium are shown by solid and dashed lines, respectively (lines 1 and 2, respectively, in Figure 3a and b).

glutamicum and the RT-PCR reactions used to determine co-transcription of the crt gene clusters. RNA from C. glutamicum WT was transcribed into cDNA with gene specific primers of the last gene in 3’ direction of the predicted operons. Subsequently, cDNAs were used as templates for six different PCR reactions for crtB, crtI, crtEb and crtY e Y f (labeled see more 1 – 6 (A)) and one PCR signaling pathway reaction for crtB2, crtI2-1 and crtI2-2 (B). Reactions labeled (−) represent controls confirming the absence of DNA in the RNA preparation. The reactions were identical to the PCR reactions as shown in the lanes labeled

as (+) except that reverse transcriptase was omitted in the cDNA reactions. Similarly, RT-PCR analysis of the small gene cluster revealed that crtB2, crtI2-1 and crtI2-2 are co-transcribed. Figure 3B displays the amplificate of a fragment overlapping crtB2 and crtI2-1

based on cDNA generated by reverse transcription using the crtI-rv primer. To determine the transcriptional start ITF2357 chemical structure point (TSP) of crtE and crtB2, respectively, RNA was isolated from C. glutamicum WT grown in LB complex medium. By use of 5’ RACE_PCR, the TSP of crtE was identified as a guanosine 114 nucleotides upstream of the first nucleotide of the ATG start codon. The three most conserved nucleotides of the consensus −10 hexamer of C. glutamicum promoters [27] can be found in the −15 to −10 region. The −39 to −34 region contains a sequence motif sharing four identical nucleotides to −35 consensus. The TSP of crtB2 was determined as a guanosin thirteen nucleotides upstream of the first nucleotide of the start codon GTG. The hexamer TAAAGT at position −13 to −8 relative to the TSP matches the

three most conserved bases of the TANANT consensus sequence of the −10 region of C. glutamicum promoters [27]. At position −32 to −27 the hexamer TTGTCT was found, which resembles the key recognition motif for the −35 region of C. glutamicum promoters TTGNCA [27]. Gene deletion and complementation analysis of the carotenogenic gene clusters in C. glutamicum Gene-directed deletion mutants of C. glutamicum WT lacking crtB, crtI, crtEb, or crtY e Y f were constructed and characterized regarding carotenoid production. Besides the single deletion mutants, strain C. glutamicum ΔΔ lacking crtB, crtI, much crtEb, and crtY e Y f as well as the putative paralogs crtB2, crtI2-1 and crtI2-2 was constructed. All strains showed growth rates of about 0.35 h-1 in CGXII minimal medium with 100 mM glucose as carbon source. Thus, growth was comparable to C. glutamicum WT. However, pigment accumulation differed between the various strains (Figure 2). The different composition of carotenoids in the cell extracts could be demonstrated by HPLC analyses (Additional file 4: Figure S2, Additional file 5: Figure S3, Additional file 6: S4 and data not shown). The spectrophotometric analysis of the methanolic cell extracts of the C.

Moreover, the shorter source-gate distance in the multiple-gate ZnO MOSFETs could increase the electric field intensity along the ZnO channel between the source electrode and the gate electrode, in comparison with that of the single-gate ZnO MOSFETs. The increased electric field intensity could cause a higher electron velocity [23, 24]. Therefore, the higher drain-source saturation current of

the multiple-gate ZnO MOSFETs could be obtained. Figure 3 Output characteristics of drain-source current. As a function of drain-source voltage for (a) single-gate ZnO MOSFETs and (b) multiple-gate ZnO MOSFETs. Transconductance (g m), which is defined as the slope of the drain-source current as a function of the gate-source voltage, is an important parameter of MOSFETs. The dependence of the transconductance on the gate-source voltage

of the single-gate ZnO MOSFETs and the multiple-gate ZnO MOSFETs operated at a drain-source voltage of 10 V was shown in Figure 4a,b, GW-572016 supplier respectively. The maximal transconductance of the single-gate ZnO MOSFETs and the multiple-gate ZnO MOSFETs was 3.93 and 5.35 mS/mm, respectively. It could be found that the transconductance of the multiple-gate MOSFETs was higher than that of the single-gate ZnO MOSFETs. This result indicated that the multiple-gate structure exhibited PF-3084014 research buy better channel transport control capability. The transconductance Vorinostat datasheet in the saturated velocity model is inversely proportional to the depletion width [22]. Therefore, the multiple-gate ZnO MOSFETs with a shorter effective gate length could

Phloretin enhance the transconductance. Furthermore, the gate capacitance was increased by reducing the gate-source distance. The higher gate capacitance was also beneficial to an increase of the transconductance [24, 25]. Figure 4 Drain-source current and transconductance. As a function of gate-source voltage for (a) single-gate ZnO MOSFETs and (b) multiple-gate ZnO MOSFETs. In general, the gate-source electrical field (E GS) was relatively small in comparison with the gate-drain electrical field (E GD) since the gate-source voltage was smaller than the gate-drain voltage (V GD) [24]. The maximum gate-drain electrical field along the ZnO channel was located between the gate electrode and the drain electrode closed to the side of the gate electrode. It could be found that the gate-source electrical field enhancement was beneficial to the improvement of the drain-source current. In contrast, the larger maximum gate-drain electrical field was one reason of anomalous off-current. As shown in Figure 4, the anomalous off-current of the single-gate ZnO MOSFETs and the multiple-gate ZnO MOSFETs operated at a gate-source voltage of −4 V was 34 and 5.7 μA/mm, respectively. The off-current of the multiple-gate ZnO MOSFETs was lower than that of the single-gate ZnO MOSFETs. It could be expected that the multiple-gate structure had a lower maximum gate-drain electrical field as reported previously [21, 24].

One sequence from soil R was of non-fungal, unknown eukaryotic origin. From the 115 fungal ribotypes, 42 could be classified to the species level, an additional 24 at least to the genus level, while the see more remaining 49 fungal sequences could only be classified to the family or higher taxonomic level. Richness ranged from 19 to 34 for detected and from 20.5 to 51.3 for estimated species numbers (Chao2; Chao 1987) per sampling site. Coverage of the libraries ranged from 66.3 to 92.8% of estimated species numbers www.selleckchem.com/products/dinaciclib-sch727965.html (see Table 1).

As in a few cases sequencing of more than one representative clone from the same RFLP pattern resulted in closely related but dissimilar sequences, the species numbers given here most likely slightly underestimate the true fungal diversity in the investigated soils. UniFrac analysis

could not detect significant differences between the phylogenetic structures of the fungal communities from the herein studied soils. Bonferroni corrected P-values for pairwise comparisons were all above or equal to 0.1. The calculated environmental distances were between 0.43 and 0.60. No clustering of spatially close www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD0530.html locations could be found (the distance between sampling sites M and N, P and R respectively R and T is less then 10 km). All five soils are dominated by Ascomycota, which are represented by 77.7 to 88.2% of the clones in the respective libraries, followed by Basidiomycota, which are represented by 7.5 to 21.3% of the clones in the respective libraries (Fig. 1). Other phyla (Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota as well as Mucoromycotina) Venetoclax manufacturer were only detected occasionally and at low frequencies. No sequences belonging to the Glomeromycota

were found. At all taxonomic levels from phylum to species soil M showed the lowest observed richness (see Fig. 1 and Table 2). Similarly, predicted species richness, several diversity indices (Magurran 2004) and evenness were lowest for soil M (see Table 1). The dominant species in soil M — a species related to Trichocladium asperum — was represented by nearly 30% of all analysed clones (see Table 2). Fig. 1 Relative abundance of fungal groups in arable and grassland soils. Relative abundances at the phylum (or where appropriate alternative taxonomic ranks; left part) and ordinal (right part) level of clones from libraries from arable soils Maissau (M), Niederschleinz (N), Purkersdorf (P) and Tulln (T) and grassland soil Riederberg (R) Table 2 Species list of fungi from arable and grassland soils in Lower Austria Soila Cloneb Acc.No.c Identificationd Order Phy.e RAf COg M NG_M_A03 GU055520 Trichocladium asperum related Sordariales A 29,2   M NG_M_A01 GU055518 Myrothecium sp.

The surface of the Crenolanib cell line learn more muscle flap was skin grafted. The flap took successfully and the patient healed without further complications (Figures 7, 8, and 9). Figure 1 Thoracotomy wound: The thoracotomy wound after a serial debridement of

soft tissue, rib cartilage and bone, and the sternum. Figure 2 Right sagittal CT angiography: CT angiography (right sagittal section) performed for preoperative planning revealed interruption of the continuity of the right internal mammary vessels proximal to the surgical clip (arrow) at the level of the right seventh rib. Figure 3 Left sagittal CT angiography: Preoperative CT angiography, left sagittal section also showed interruption of the continuity of the left internal mammary vessels proximal to the surgical clip (arrow) at the level of left fifth-seventh rib. Figure 4 The anatomical illustration of the rectus abdominis muscles, the superior epigastric artery, the internal mammary artery, and the deep inferior epigastric artery: Line drawing that illustrates the anatomy of the rectus abdominis

BAY 73-4506 solubility dmso muscles, the superior epigastric artery, its relation with the internal mammary artery, and the deep inferior epigastric artery. The superior epigastric artery originates from the internal mammary artery at the level of the sixth and seventh rib. It then descends to enter the rectus sheath, at first behind the rectus abdominis muscle and then anastomoses with the deep inferior epigastric branch of the external iliac. IMA/V: The internal mammary artery and vein, SEA/V: The superior epigastric artery and vein, M: The musculophrenic branch, DIEA/V: The deep inferior epigastric artery and vein, EIA/V: The external iliac artery and vein, R: The rectus abdominis muscle, S: The sternum. Note that on the right side, the ribs have not been drawn

to illustrate the course of the internal mammary vessels and their branching into the musculophrenic and the superior epigastric artery and vein. Additionally, the most proximal parts of the rectus abdominis muscles and first ribs on both sides have not been illustrated. Figure 5 The anatomical illustration FAD of the IMA/V, the DIEA/V and SEA/V in the actual patient: Line drawing to illustrate the anatomy of the IMA/V, the DIEA/V and SEA/V in the actual patient who underwent emergency thoracotomy with bilateral transection of the internal mammary vessels (arrow heads) prior to branching into the musculophrenic and the superior epigastric branches. Removal of the forth rib and preparation of the right IMA/V, DIEA/V and ligation of the right SEA/V for harvest of the rectus abdominis muscle for free transfer have been illustrated.

6 Å 1.4 Å 1.6 Å   100/100 1NZE 1.5 Å 1.4 Å 1.6 Å 0.5 Å   Although MEK162 in vitro CyanoQ is likely to be lipidated in vivo in both Synechocystis and T. elongatus, this is not a universal feature of CyanoQ as the lipobox sequence and Cys residue needed for lipidation are absent in a number of other cyanobacteria (Fig. S4). These include Acaryochloris marina, a chlorophyll d-containing cyanobacterium and the siderophilic (having an affinity for iron) cyanobacterium

JSC-12, whereas no protein homologous to CyanoQ could be detected in the Prochlorococcus spp., the two thermophilic species Synechococcus sp. JA-3-3Ab and Synechococcus sp. JA-2-3B’a(2-13) and the VS-4718 chemical structure thylakoid-less Gloeobacter violaceus (De Las and Roman 2005; Fagerlund and Eaton-Rye 2011). According to our sequence alignment, there are only two regions with absolutely conserved amino-acid residues across the cyanobacterial lineage. These regions flank helix 2a, the shortest one out of six found in this protein. The first amino-acid residue of helix 2a, Trp71, is absolutely conserved in the analysed CyanoQ sequences (Fig. S4). The indole nitrogen is exposed towards the solvent, and in this structure a 2.8 Å hydrogen bond is created between Trp71Nε1 and Asp125Oδ1. A typical Ncap motif (Richardson and Richardson 1988) is observed for helix 2a where a main-chain carbonyl oxygen of Asp70 creates an hydrogen bond with the backbone amide nitrogen of Glu73. The other absolutely

conserved residues are found right after the C-terminus of helix 2a and consist of a Gly80Pro81 motif that is immediately CP673451 order preceded by a positively charged amino acid, either arginine as in T. elongatus or in most cases Loperamide histidine.

Both glycine and proline are well known as the most efficient ‘helix breakers’ and in fact they separate helix 2a from helix 2b in CyanoQ (Fig. 4a). Strongly conserved residues are found at both the apex and the base of the protein (Fig. 4b, c). Interestingly, these residues seem to shield the interior from the solvent by capping both ends of the protein. In agreement with the Synechocystis structures, we also observe two cavities, termed the H4-H1 and H2-H3 cavities by Jackson et al. (2010), composed of well-conserved residues (Fig. 4d). The smaller H4-H1 cavity is formed by Ile45, Leu96 and Pro149. In the case of T. elongatus the larger H2-H3 cavity is composed of a cluster of Met78, Arg79, Leu82, Phe115 and Asp119 surrounding the Gly80Pro81 motif. In the vicinity of this cavity, but absent in our structure, is found one of the Zn2+ ions in Synechocystis CyanoQ (Jackson et al. 2010). Comparison of CyanoQ and PsbQ Currently there are two available structures of PsbQ from higher plants, both from spinach. The earlier structure (Calderone et al. 2003) lacks the first 37 residues whereas the later structure (Balsera et al. 2005) contains thirteen of these residues. Despite the low sequence similarity to spinach PsbQ, both CyanoQ and PsbQ are structurally similar (Table 2).